1 00:00:03,000 --> 00:00:07,720 For two centuries, Vienna was the frontier between East and West. 2 00:00:11,200 --> 00:00:13,680 It was the capital of the Habsburgs, 3 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:17,600 Archdukes of Austria and Holy Roman Emperors. 4 00:00:17,600 --> 00:00:20,360 They were the champions of Catholicism, 5 00:00:20,360 --> 00:00:23,240 the guardians of European Christendom 6 00:00:23,240 --> 00:00:25,240 against Islamic conquest. 7 00:00:29,080 --> 00:00:33,520 In 1683, catastrophe had loomed when the Ottoman Turks 8 00:00:33,520 --> 00:00:36,600 laid siege to Vienna. 9 00:00:36,600 --> 00:00:39,760 With the city in peril, a pan-European army 10 00:00:39,760 --> 00:00:41,520 rushed to the rescue, 11 00:00:41,520 --> 00:00:45,280 unleashing the largest cavalry charge in history. 12 00:00:45,280 --> 00:00:46,320 The city was saved. 13 00:00:47,840 --> 00:00:51,040 In the camp of the defeated Ottomans, 14 00:00:51,040 --> 00:00:54,560 they found a treasure trove of spoils. 15 00:00:54,560 --> 00:00:59,360 They found gold and diamonds, they found ostriches and camels. 16 00:00:59,360 --> 00:01:02,640 And they found 300 abandoned cannons. 17 00:01:02,640 --> 00:01:06,240 And with those cannons melted down they built this, 18 00:01:06,240 --> 00:01:09,560 the Pummerin, the Boomer. 19 00:01:09,560 --> 00:01:11,640 The victory ushered in a new age. 20 00:01:11,640 --> 00:01:15,920 Power and prestige were given visceral and visual form, 21 00:01:15,920 --> 00:01:18,400 recast into art, music and architecture. 22 00:01:20,280 --> 00:01:21,560 The bell was so big 23 00:01:21,560 --> 00:01:25,640 it almost destroyed the Tower of St Stephen's Cathedral, 24 00:01:25,640 --> 00:01:27,120 where it still hangs. 25 00:01:28,400 --> 00:01:31,240 But when the Viennese 26 00:01:31,240 --> 00:01:37,240 heard it ring, heard it boom, they heard the sound of victory. 27 00:01:37,240 --> 00:01:38,560 PUMMERIN RINGS 28 00:01:40,960 --> 00:01:44,840 This is the story of Vienna triumphant. 29 00:01:44,840 --> 00:01:47,920 The house of Habsburg in its golden age. 30 00:01:49,160 --> 00:01:51,800 The emperors now surged east and west, 31 00:01:51,800 --> 00:01:54,280 dreaming of European supremacy. 32 00:01:55,840 --> 00:02:02,080 Wealth and power awoke Vienna, artists projected Habsburg majesty. 33 00:02:02,080 --> 00:02:05,480 The fortress city became a cosmopolitan capital. 34 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:11,360 Vienna was reborn a city of palaces, peoples and ideas. 35 00:02:11,360 --> 00:02:14,800 A beacon of the arts, a capital of music, 36 00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:18,440 and a laboratory of enlightened and despotic ideologies. 37 00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:25,640 I'll see how Vienna would inspire the incandescent genius of Mozart, 38 00:02:25,640 --> 00:02:29,920 survive the depredations of Napoleon Bonaparte, 39 00:02:29,920 --> 00:02:33,560 and become the cultural and diplomatic capital of the world. 40 00:02:35,280 --> 00:02:42,360 Vienna, Imperial City, dynastic city, city of art and music. 41 00:02:42,360 --> 00:02:47,600 City of ideas. This is the crucible and the crossroads of the great 42 00:02:47,600 --> 00:02:49,920 struggles of history. 43 00:02:49,920 --> 00:02:53,880 Protestantism versus Catholicism, Islam versus Christendom, 44 00:02:53,880 --> 00:02:59,240 democracy and tolerance versus nationalism and intolerance. 45 00:02:59,240 --> 00:03:04,440 This is the story of the city where the modern world was invented, 46 00:03:04,440 --> 00:03:06,680 and poisoned. 47 00:03:06,680 --> 00:03:11,960 Vienna. The capital of annihilation and civilisation. 48 00:03:24,400 --> 00:03:29,120 The victory over the Ottoman Turks left Vienna euphoric. 49 00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:32,880 The reigning Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor was Leopold I, 50 00:03:32,880 --> 00:03:35,480 and he now vowed to transform his capital 51 00:03:35,480 --> 00:03:37,560 into the world's greatest city. 52 00:03:39,120 --> 00:03:43,400 For Vienna and for the house of Habsburg, it was a new beginning, 53 00:03:43,400 --> 00:03:45,160 a new era. 54 00:03:45,160 --> 00:03:47,440 The empire was striking back. 55 00:03:48,920 --> 00:03:51,600 Emperor Leopold offered fame and fortune to the knights 56 00:03:51,600 --> 00:03:54,880 who'd saved Vienna. 57 00:03:54,880 --> 00:04:00,120 One of them was an unlikely Viennese hero, adopted by the city, 58 00:04:00,120 --> 00:04:01,760 but who achieved such glory 59 00:04:01,760 --> 00:04:06,000 that he would build the city's most magnificent palaces. 60 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:08,760 He would outshine three emperors, 61 00:04:08,760 --> 00:04:11,840 become the greatest Habsburg warlord in history, 62 00:04:11,840 --> 00:04:15,360 and make Vienna the capital of a European superpower. 63 00:04:17,280 --> 00:04:19,960 This was Eugene, Prince of Savoy. 64 00:04:19,960 --> 00:04:23,120 His story became inseparable from Vienna, 65 00:04:23,120 --> 00:04:26,280 but he arrived as a penniless refugee from France 66 00:04:26,280 --> 00:04:28,840 when the city was under Ottoman siege. 67 00:04:30,840 --> 00:04:34,720 Prince Eugene grew up at the Court of Louis XIV, the Sun King, 68 00:04:34,720 --> 00:04:37,520 sworn enemy of the house of Habsburg. 69 00:04:37,520 --> 00:04:40,960 His mother, an ex-mistress of the King himself, 70 00:04:40,960 --> 00:04:47,040 was a promiscuous intriguer who is ultimately implicated in 71 00:04:47,040 --> 00:04:51,840 The Case Of The Poisons and had to flee Paris in disgrace. 72 00:04:51,840 --> 00:04:54,280 Escaping execution for the murder plot, 73 00:04:54,280 --> 00:04:58,920 his mother was vilified by Louis XIV, who ridiculed Eugene 74 00:04:58,920 --> 00:05:03,240 for his looks, his homosexuality, and his diminutive stature. 75 00:05:05,320 --> 00:05:07,200 He wanted to be a soldier. 76 00:05:07,200 --> 00:05:09,200 "No," said Louis XIV, 77 00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:13,240 "you're only good enough to be a little vicar in the church." 78 00:05:13,240 --> 00:05:17,120 But Eugene defied the Sun King. 79 00:05:17,120 --> 00:05:19,240 He ran away to Austria. 80 00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:24,240 He offered his service, his life, his very blood, 81 00:05:24,240 --> 00:05:27,640 to the house of Austria, and Leopold accepted. 82 00:05:27,640 --> 00:05:32,560 He then joined the army that was rushing to relieve besieged Vienna. 83 00:05:32,560 --> 00:05:35,400 And outside these gates he made his name 84 00:05:35,400 --> 00:05:37,200 in the battle that saved the city. 85 00:05:39,960 --> 00:05:43,000 Eugene joined Emperor Leopold's counteroffensive, 86 00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:46,640 he became a commander, renowned for ruthless discipline 87 00:05:46,640 --> 00:05:48,400 and brilliant ingenuity. 88 00:05:48,400 --> 00:05:51,800 During the campaigns against the Ottomans he rose to fame, 89 00:05:51,800 --> 00:05:53,680 becoming the hero of Vienna. 90 00:05:57,240 --> 00:05:59,600 At 22, he was a Major General. 91 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:03,200 At 24, he helped take Hungary and Budapest. 92 00:06:03,200 --> 00:06:05,440 At 29, he was a Field Marshal, 93 00:06:05,440 --> 00:06:09,960 and such was his success and his share of the spoils of the Ottomans, 94 00:06:09,960 --> 00:06:13,240 that he was able to build this, the Winter Palace, 95 00:06:13,240 --> 00:06:15,640 his residence right in the centre of Vienna. 96 00:06:17,040 --> 00:06:21,280 Eugene's Palace shows off the baroque taste for symbolism, 97 00:06:21,280 --> 00:06:25,360 muscle-ripped statues project his power and virility. 98 00:06:28,400 --> 00:06:30,560 In 1697, Eugene, aged 33, 99 00:06:30,560 --> 00:06:33,680 was given command of the Imperial Army. 100 00:06:33,680 --> 00:06:36,280 He would face his greatest test. 101 00:06:39,800 --> 00:06:43,480 In the 14 years since the Ottomans had been repelled 102 00:06:43,480 --> 00:06:48,120 from the walls of Vienna, Leopold had seized vast swathes of land. 103 00:06:48,120 --> 00:06:52,680 Now, the Turkish sultans desperately needed to stem their losses and 104 00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:56,480 launched a final, brutal, all-or-nothing assault. 105 00:06:56,480 --> 00:06:59,880 100,000 men marched on Vienna. 106 00:07:03,120 --> 00:07:06,880 Eugene had been ordered by Emperor Leopold to go on the defensive, 107 00:07:06,880 --> 00:07:08,760 but he defied those orders. 108 00:07:08,760 --> 00:07:12,280 When he heard that the Ottoman army was crossing the river Tisa 109 00:07:12,280 --> 00:07:15,080 in strength, he force-marched his army to the place 110 00:07:15,080 --> 00:07:18,640 and then fell upon them, taking them completely by surprise. 111 00:07:18,640 --> 00:07:20,520 And as you can see from this painting, 112 00:07:20,520 --> 00:07:23,400 he annihilated the Ottoman troops. 113 00:07:23,400 --> 00:07:28,560 They are being slaughtered as they ran into the river. 114 00:07:28,560 --> 00:07:32,040 Defeat at Zenta forever ended the Ottoman hopes 115 00:07:32,040 --> 00:07:34,520 of holding back the Viennese advance. 116 00:07:35,760 --> 00:07:37,920 Eugene had almost single-handedly 117 00:07:37,920 --> 00:07:41,200 made the Austrian Habsburgs a great European power, 118 00:07:41,200 --> 00:07:46,240 and to make his success palpable, he turned his victories into art. 119 00:07:46,240 --> 00:07:49,280 He became Vienna's greatest patron, its greatest connoisseur. 120 00:07:55,640 --> 00:07:58,440 Habsburg expansion seemed unstoppable. 121 00:07:58,440 --> 00:08:01,680 It even harked back to the glories of the 16th century 122 00:08:01,680 --> 00:08:05,920 when Emperor Charles V had ruled over a vast Habsburg empire 123 00:08:05,920 --> 00:08:09,280 stretching from the Americas to the Balkans. 124 00:08:10,680 --> 00:08:14,240 Vienna thrived on the trade between East and West. 125 00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:19,480 But to maintain this overstretched empire, 126 00:08:19,480 --> 00:08:23,920 Charles V had divided his lands between two branches of the family. 127 00:08:23,920 --> 00:08:26,160 One ruled Austria, one ruled Spain. 128 00:08:28,160 --> 00:08:33,480 For decades, the two branches of the Habsburg family had intermarried. 129 00:08:33,480 --> 00:08:37,520 Nieces married uncles, first cousins married each other. 130 00:08:37,520 --> 00:08:41,240 The idea was to keep the sprawling Habsburg lands 131 00:08:41,240 --> 00:08:43,280 within the same family. 132 00:08:43,280 --> 00:08:45,720 But it was ironic that the very policy 133 00:08:45,720 --> 00:08:49,200 that was meant to strengthen the house of Habsburg 134 00:08:49,200 --> 00:08:51,960 actually destroyed the Spanish branch. 135 00:08:53,640 --> 00:08:57,320 The last Spanish Habsburg was King Charles II. 136 00:08:57,320 --> 00:09:01,000 He was the gruesome living aberration of what was, in effect, 137 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:03,360 generations of royal incest. 138 00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:07,160 He struggled to walk, to talk, and he was infertile. 139 00:09:07,160 --> 00:09:10,960 With no heir, he lay dying in 1700. 140 00:09:10,960 --> 00:09:14,880 And in Vienna, Emperor Leopold wanted his own younger son, 141 00:09:14,880 --> 00:09:18,200 Charles of Austria, to succeed in Spain. 142 00:09:18,200 --> 00:09:20,280 But he had a rival. 143 00:09:20,280 --> 00:09:22,920 There were two candidates for the Spanish throne. 144 00:09:22,920 --> 00:09:25,680 One was Charles of Austria, 145 00:09:25,680 --> 00:09:29,800 and the other was the grandson of Louis XIV, 146 00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:32,160 the French candidate. 147 00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:36,840 But when Charles II died, he left Spain to the French. 148 00:09:36,840 --> 00:09:40,480 The outraged Austrian Habsburgs denounced the will as fake 149 00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:43,160 and in 1701, declared war. 150 00:09:49,520 --> 00:09:54,240 Emperor Leopold faced the superpower of the early 18th century. 151 00:09:54,240 --> 00:09:57,040 France fought the Austrians back. 152 00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:02,520 There was a very real danger that Europe would find itself 153 00:10:02,520 --> 00:10:07,000 under the domination of Louis XIV and France. 154 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:12,000 Only the alliance of Austria and Britain would stop him. 155 00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:14,480 The French had the biggest and best armies, 156 00:10:14,480 --> 00:10:17,400 but the Austrians had Prince Eugene. 157 00:10:17,400 --> 00:10:22,000 Now, a French army marched south to attack and capture Vienna - 158 00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:24,240 the capital was in peril. 159 00:10:26,520 --> 00:10:29,760 Eugene's armies marched to protect Vienna, 160 00:10:29,760 --> 00:10:32,240 but he was vastly outnumbered. 161 00:10:32,240 --> 00:10:35,920 He needed reinforcements, and fortunately, the British commander, 162 00:10:35,920 --> 00:10:39,800 the brilliant Duke of Marlborough, came to the rescue. 163 00:10:39,800 --> 00:10:43,000 Marlborough was every inch Eugene's equal, 164 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:47,000 and a like-minded disciplinarian and superb strategist. 165 00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:51,680 He outmanoeuvred the French and marched unopposed across Europe. 166 00:10:51,680 --> 00:10:56,320 John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, came to his aid. 167 00:10:56,320 --> 00:10:59,800 When the two rendezvoused near the village of Blenheim, 168 00:10:59,800 --> 00:11:02,200 it inaugurated one of the great partnerships 169 00:11:02,200 --> 00:11:04,360 in all of military history. 170 00:11:04,360 --> 00:11:07,400 Eugene and Marlborough instantly became friends. 171 00:11:07,400 --> 00:11:12,040 "I really love Prince Eugene," Marlborough told his wife. 172 00:11:12,040 --> 00:11:16,000 And when the battle came the next day, the Battle of Blenheim, 173 00:11:16,000 --> 00:11:17,920 they routed the French 174 00:11:17,920 --> 00:11:22,160 and forever shattered the invincibility of the Sun King. 175 00:11:25,080 --> 00:11:30,160 When Leopold died in 1705, the war over Spain was unresolved. 176 00:11:30,160 --> 00:11:33,320 His oldest son, Joseph, inherited Austria, 177 00:11:33,320 --> 00:11:37,760 and Eugene's victory at Blenheim now meant his younger son, Charles, 178 00:11:37,760 --> 00:11:39,320 could march towards Madrid. 179 00:11:40,680 --> 00:11:44,240 Charles was a dim and unimpressive leader, 180 00:11:44,240 --> 00:11:48,520 but he was determined to rule Spain as king. 181 00:11:48,520 --> 00:11:52,080 But when his brother, Joseph I, died unexpectedly, 182 00:11:52,080 --> 00:11:55,240 he was recalled to Vienna to be Holy Roman Emperor. 183 00:12:01,160 --> 00:12:03,400 Now that France had been humbled, 184 00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:06,480 the British were afraid that Spain and Austria 185 00:12:06,480 --> 00:12:10,280 would be united under one Habsburg emperor. 186 00:12:10,280 --> 00:12:14,240 And so they betrayed the Austrians and made peace. 187 00:12:14,240 --> 00:12:18,360 Poor Charles had to give up forever his Spanish dream. 188 00:12:22,240 --> 00:12:25,520 When Charles realised he was never going back to Spain, 189 00:12:25,520 --> 00:12:29,160 he decided to recreate Spain in Vienna. 190 00:12:29,160 --> 00:12:33,800 He imported Spanish dress, Spanish court rituals, and this, 191 00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:37,240 his pride and joy, the Spanish Riding School. 192 00:12:37,240 --> 00:12:39,840 And I'm sitting right in Charles' Imperial Box. 193 00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:47,680 Charles finally agreed peace. 194 00:12:47,680 --> 00:12:52,200 He exchanged his claim to the Spanish throne for parts of Italy 195 00:12:52,200 --> 00:12:53,480 and the Low Countries. 196 00:13:04,080 --> 00:13:07,160 At last, Vienna could take centre stage 197 00:13:07,160 --> 00:13:11,280 as the sole Habsburg capital of a much-expanded empire 198 00:13:11,280 --> 00:13:13,400 enjoying an economic boom. 199 00:13:17,120 --> 00:13:20,360 Now a multinational empire of Hungarians, Italians, 200 00:13:20,360 --> 00:13:22,200 Bohemians and Austrians, 201 00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:26,400 the monarchy and the nobility celebrated their prestige 202 00:13:26,400 --> 00:13:27,920 and Vienna's status 203 00:13:27,920 --> 00:13:32,200 as THE imperial city by building palaces, churches, and monuments. 204 00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:36,080 Every aristocrat worthy of their name 205 00:13:36,080 --> 00:13:38,240 had to build a palace in Vienna. 206 00:13:38,240 --> 00:13:42,880 400 new summer residences were constructed in the next 50 years. 207 00:13:44,800 --> 00:13:48,840 'But of all those palaces, none rivalled Eugene's.' 208 00:13:48,840 --> 00:13:50,760 This is the Belvedere Palace. 209 00:13:50,760 --> 00:13:53,560 One of the glories of 18th-century Vienna. 210 00:13:53,560 --> 00:13:57,440 Everything here is designed to project, to trumpet, 211 00:13:57,440 --> 00:14:01,160 the victories of Eugene over his two great enemies. 212 00:14:01,160 --> 00:14:03,600 On one hand, the Ottoman sultans, 213 00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:06,440 and on the other hand, Louis XIV of France, 214 00:14:06,440 --> 00:14:10,120 the Sun King, who had humiliated and disdained him as a young man. 215 00:14:12,080 --> 00:14:16,960 Eugene's Summer Palace projects his victories and his personality. 216 00:14:16,960 --> 00:14:19,680 The roofs resemble conquered Ottoman tents, 217 00:14:19,680 --> 00:14:22,920 the gardens are meant to outdo the glory of Versailles. 218 00:14:24,440 --> 00:14:28,160 Inside, his ceilings show him as the god Apollo, 219 00:14:28,160 --> 00:14:30,600 the symbol of artistic patronage. 220 00:14:30,600 --> 00:14:33,640 Signs and spoils of his victories are everywhere. 221 00:14:42,920 --> 00:14:46,960 Still concealed in a small room of Eugene's Palace is a statue 222 00:14:46,960 --> 00:14:50,160 that reveals the great general's confidence in his own grandeur. 223 00:14:51,920 --> 00:14:54,000 Rather than use symbolism, 224 00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:57,440 he commissioned his own image as supreme warlord. 225 00:14:58,880 --> 00:15:02,240 He is clothed in the lion pelt of Hercules, 226 00:15:02,240 --> 00:15:05,160 he stamps down on a defeated Turk. 227 00:15:05,160 --> 00:15:08,360 The symbol for eternal legacy shines upon him. 228 00:15:09,840 --> 00:15:14,120 This statue couldn't be exhibited during his lifetime - 229 00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:17,480 only emperors could enjoy that sort of adulation. 230 00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:23,200 Eugene had been military commander, and effectively chief minister, 231 00:15:23,200 --> 00:15:26,080 of the Habsburg monarchy for 30 years, 232 00:15:26,080 --> 00:15:28,960 and was now serving his third emperor. 233 00:15:28,960 --> 00:15:32,360 But Charles VI was jealous of his famous paladin, 234 00:15:32,360 --> 00:15:34,160 and secretly undermined him. 235 00:15:34,160 --> 00:15:37,880 He sent Eugene on foolish campaigns that bankrupted the Treasury. 236 00:15:40,360 --> 00:15:42,480 He was still fighting into his 70s. 237 00:15:42,480 --> 00:15:44,880 When Eugene returned exhausted to Vienna, 238 00:15:44,880 --> 00:15:46,640 he caught pneumonia and died. 239 00:15:48,280 --> 00:15:50,760 His achievements had driven the imperial family 240 00:15:50,760 --> 00:15:52,440 to the zenith of their power. 241 00:15:52,440 --> 00:15:56,920 Now the future of the dynasty, and the city of Vienna, 242 00:15:56,920 --> 00:15:59,840 would be defined by holding together this vast empire. 243 00:16:09,560 --> 00:16:12,760 Charles VI was haunted by the loss of Spain. 244 00:16:15,280 --> 00:16:21,080 He stamped the Habsburg's God-given right to rule on his city, Vienna, 245 00:16:21,080 --> 00:16:24,800 using the sensuous magnificence of baroque architecture. 246 00:16:26,240 --> 00:16:31,120 Vienna rang to the majestic compositions of his court composers. 247 00:16:31,120 --> 00:16:34,640 This was truly a city of art, music and masses. 248 00:16:39,720 --> 00:16:43,880 Yet all this was worthless if Charles could not produce an heir. 249 00:16:47,880 --> 00:16:53,280 I'm in the sumptuous library of the Emperor Charles VI, 250 00:16:53,280 --> 00:16:55,520 in the Hofburg Palace, 251 00:16:55,520 --> 00:16:57,240 and this was the Habsburg monarch 252 00:16:57,240 --> 00:17:00,160 whose life was dominated by his quest and need 253 00:17:00,160 --> 00:17:02,280 for a male heir. 254 00:17:02,280 --> 00:17:06,440 He chose his wife for her beauty, fecundity and health. 255 00:17:06,440 --> 00:17:08,960 Elizabeth of Brunswick was her name. 256 00:17:08,960 --> 00:17:12,320 She dazzled everyone with her gorgeousness. 257 00:17:12,320 --> 00:17:16,080 But, as children came, the male ones died. 258 00:17:16,080 --> 00:17:18,280 And only the daughters survived. 259 00:17:18,280 --> 00:17:20,280 Charles was desperate. 260 00:17:20,280 --> 00:17:23,360 First of all, he painted their apartments with erotic paintings 261 00:17:23,360 --> 00:17:28,360 of nubile girls and boys, then he consulted his quack doctors. 262 00:17:28,360 --> 00:17:30,400 First they proposed alcohol. 263 00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:33,640 She was given more and more booze until she was an alcoholic, 264 00:17:33,640 --> 00:17:35,760 then they proposed food. 265 00:17:35,760 --> 00:17:39,600 She was almost force-fed until she became obesely fat. 266 00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:43,920 But still, the result was the same - no male heir, 267 00:17:43,920 --> 00:17:45,240 just the two daughters. 268 00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:50,240 Charles's only option was to declare his daughter the heir. 269 00:17:50,240 --> 00:17:52,560 There'd never been a female archduchess, 270 00:17:52,560 --> 00:17:55,440 'and Charles knew his nobility and the kings of Europe 271 00:17:55,440 --> 00:17:56,960 'may not accept his choice.' 272 00:17:58,520 --> 00:18:00,720 He desperately tried to get their agreement, 273 00:18:00,720 --> 00:18:04,800 and created a series of new laws known as the Pragmatic Sanction. 274 00:18:06,200 --> 00:18:10,200 It was only half complete when, in 1740, he went hunting, 275 00:18:10,200 --> 00:18:12,640 gorged on mushrooms and died. 276 00:18:18,960 --> 00:18:24,720 He was succeeded by his daughter, Maria Theresa, aged just 23. 277 00:18:24,720 --> 00:18:28,680 Austria's nobles knew her only as a card-playing, dancing, 278 00:18:28,680 --> 00:18:30,960 and rather beautiful young woman. 279 00:18:30,960 --> 00:18:34,560 She was completely unprepared for the appalling crisis 280 00:18:34,560 --> 00:18:38,240 that would befall her monarchy, her empire and herself. 281 00:18:38,240 --> 00:18:42,240 But what no-one knew was that she had a will of steel. 282 00:18:43,320 --> 00:18:45,840 Her reign would dazzle Vienna. 283 00:18:52,760 --> 00:18:56,320 Maria Theresa's first duty was in the Imperial Crypt. 284 00:19:06,040 --> 00:19:10,720 This is where Maria Theresa came to bury her father, Charles VI. 285 00:19:10,720 --> 00:19:15,240 It's the Kaisergruft, the imperial crypt of the Habsburg dynasty. 286 00:19:22,640 --> 00:19:25,280 And on his sarcophagus here, right behind me, 287 00:19:25,280 --> 00:19:30,400 you can see among all its elaborate decoration, his various crowns, 288 00:19:30,400 --> 00:19:35,360 as the Archduchy of Austria, the crowns of Bohemia and Hungary, 289 00:19:35,360 --> 00:19:36,560 and the Holy Roman Empire. 290 00:19:40,520 --> 00:19:43,680 These were the crowns she would have to fight for. 291 00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:47,640 If she was to succeed, this is what she had to keep. 292 00:19:50,600 --> 00:19:53,320 Maria Theresa faced an uphill battle - 293 00:19:53,320 --> 00:19:56,640 her father's mismanagement had weakened the Empire. 294 00:19:59,680 --> 00:20:03,080 Vienna was now an artistic, palatial, imperial capital 295 00:20:03,080 --> 00:20:05,840 thanks to the wealth of its empire. 296 00:20:05,840 --> 00:20:09,360 But the muddled succession offered an ideal opportunity 297 00:20:09,360 --> 00:20:12,920 for rivals to seize Austria's richest provinces. 298 00:20:12,920 --> 00:20:16,040 The vultures began to mass on the Empire's borders. 299 00:20:24,880 --> 00:20:27,200 And luckily for Maria Theresa, 300 00:20:27,200 --> 00:20:30,120 the first raider was the most brilliant - 301 00:20:30,120 --> 00:20:34,080 Frederick the Great, the newly-crowned King of Prussia. 302 00:20:34,080 --> 00:20:37,280 He was the military and political genius of his age, 303 00:20:37,280 --> 00:20:40,040 with a superb army and a full treasury. 304 00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:49,320 He unleashed war, capturing Maria Theresa's richest province, Silesia. 305 00:20:50,640 --> 00:20:56,080 Next into the fray came the heir of a medieval Habsburg rival, 306 00:20:56,080 --> 00:20:59,000 Charles Albert of Bavaria. 307 00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:01,120 Austria's armies were surrounded and routed 308 00:21:01,120 --> 00:21:03,960 when Spain and France also declared war. 309 00:21:03,960 --> 00:21:07,280 The Bavarians marched onwards, capturing Prague 310 00:21:07,280 --> 00:21:10,480 and crowning Charles Albert King of Bohemia. 311 00:21:12,720 --> 00:21:16,280 In 1742, Charles Albert went further. 312 00:21:16,280 --> 00:21:19,800 He was elected the first non-Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor 313 00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:21,320 in three centuries. 314 00:21:25,800 --> 00:21:30,800 The extinction of Maria Theresa and the Habsburgs seemed inevitable. 315 00:21:30,800 --> 00:21:34,680 Her armies were in retreat, her geriatric advisers were in panic, 316 00:21:34,680 --> 00:21:37,040 she'd lost two of her father's crowns, 317 00:21:37,040 --> 00:21:41,040 and her enemies were preparing to march on Vienna. 318 00:21:41,040 --> 00:21:42,880 The story of what happens next 319 00:21:42,880 --> 00:21:45,120 is preserved in a series of paintings 320 00:21:45,120 --> 00:21:46,920 in Vienna's Hungarian embassy. 321 00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:52,600 She rushed to Hungary and there she showed herself 322 00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:55,480 not only the wilful politician, 323 00:21:55,480 --> 00:21:58,760 but also the consummate actress. 324 00:21:58,760 --> 00:22:01,240 Wearing mourning black for her father, 325 00:22:01,240 --> 00:22:03,720 she charmed the Hungarian nobles. 326 00:22:03,720 --> 00:22:07,080 She appealed to them, she said, "My son, my baby son," 327 00:22:07,080 --> 00:22:10,080 who she showed them, the future Joseph II, 328 00:22:10,080 --> 00:22:12,560 "My son, the monarchy, the crown 329 00:22:12,560 --> 00:22:16,960 "and the Kingdom of Hungary itself are in peril. Help me." 330 00:22:16,960 --> 00:22:18,000 And they did. 331 00:22:21,080 --> 00:22:25,200 The Hungarians enthusiastically crowned Maria Theresa 332 00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:27,120 queen of Hungary. 333 00:22:27,120 --> 00:22:30,000 But what she really needed was the troops. 334 00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:32,080 And they provided that too. 335 00:22:32,080 --> 00:22:34,680 There's her army. She'd save the monarchy. 336 00:22:37,400 --> 00:22:40,840 Funded by a war chest from the old ally, Great Britain, 337 00:22:40,840 --> 00:22:44,560 Maria Theresa turned the tide of the war. 338 00:22:44,560 --> 00:22:48,480 Charles Albert retreated, Frederick the Great betrayed him 339 00:22:48,480 --> 00:22:52,920 and, alone, the Bavarian fell ill and died in 1745. 340 00:22:57,160 --> 00:23:00,680 She'd lost Silesia, but she'd survived. 341 00:23:00,680 --> 00:23:02,720 She made peace to secure her borders 342 00:23:02,720 --> 00:23:06,200 and in return, the apologetic German electors 343 00:23:06,200 --> 00:23:09,520 crowned Maria Theresa's husband, Francis, 344 00:23:09,520 --> 00:23:12,280 as the new Holy Roman Emperor. 345 00:23:12,280 --> 00:23:16,640 She regained Bohemia, she ruled supreme in Hungary, and at last, 346 00:23:16,640 --> 00:23:18,120 she was an empress too. 347 00:23:25,280 --> 00:23:27,200 'This library holds a secret. 348 00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:30,760 'It's the former throne room of the Favorita Palace.' 349 00:23:30,760 --> 00:23:32,440 Between these bookcases 350 00:23:32,440 --> 00:23:37,400 sat the thrones of Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis. 351 00:23:37,400 --> 00:23:41,280 There was never any doubt that she was in charge. 352 00:23:41,280 --> 00:23:46,120 He was a feckless politician, an incompetent military commander. 353 00:23:46,120 --> 00:23:50,560 He was good only at making money and chasing actresses. 354 00:23:50,560 --> 00:23:54,920 She, on the other hand, was a consummate stateswoman. 355 00:23:54,920 --> 00:24:00,120 She knew exactly who to appoint, she chose excellent courtiers, 356 00:24:00,120 --> 00:24:02,840 and politicians, and generals. 357 00:24:04,480 --> 00:24:09,280 The Empress Queen reformed Austria's sprawling government. 358 00:24:09,280 --> 00:24:14,320 This palace even became a school for a new civil service, 359 00:24:14,320 --> 00:24:17,800 sometimes even chosen for merit, not high birth. 360 00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:20,600 She centralised control of the army 361 00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:23,600 and reorganised the imperial finances. 362 00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:25,840 She managed, within a few years, 363 00:24:25,840 --> 00:24:28,920 to balance the budgets of the Habsburg monarchy 364 00:24:28,920 --> 00:24:31,040 for the first time in its history. 365 00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:46,960 Seeing herself as the mother to a reborn Habsburg Vienna, 366 00:24:46,960 --> 00:24:51,240 Maria Theresa wanted rid of the formal, rigid past of her childhood. 367 00:24:51,240 --> 00:24:55,680 Now she commissioned a magnificent new palace, the Schonbrunn. 368 00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:00,920 She personally oversaw its construction 369 00:25:00,920 --> 00:25:04,560 and the fitting of almost 1,500 rooms. 370 00:25:04,560 --> 00:25:07,880 In 1746, she moved in here with her family. 371 00:25:11,520 --> 00:25:14,560 This is the great gallery of the Schonbrunn Palace. 372 00:25:14,560 --> 00:25:20,680 And as you can see, the decoration is open, gilded, playful, humane. 373 00:25:20,680 --> 00:25:25,120 No longer the Catholic oppression of earlier decades. 374 00:25:25,120 --> 00:25:28,600 And that's because we're now in the age of the playful Rococo. 375 00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:33,880 After the formal symbolism of Baroque, 376 00:25:33,880 --> 00:25:38,560 Rococo celebrated character, joy, emotion, eroticism. 377 00:25:41,560 --> 00:25:44,800 When you look up at this painting, the centrepiece, 378 00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:48,240 amidst all the territories, principalities and duchies 379 00:25:48,240 --> 00:25:51,080 of the Habsburg monarchy is a golden carriage. 380 00:25:51,080 --> 00:25:52,440 And in it is Maria Theresa 381 00:25:52,440 --> 00:25:56,040 and her husband, the Holy Roman Emperor, Francis. 382 00:25:56,040 --> 00:25:58,680 Because, unusually, this was a happy marriage. 383 00:25:58,680 --> 00:26:00,640 This was a love match. 384 00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:04,480 But it had a price. 385 00:26:04,480 --> 00:26:09,920 Because Francis was openly and notoriously unfaithful 386 00:26:09,920 --> 00:26:15,640 with virtually every Italian singer, courtesan, prostitute in town. 387 00:26:15,640 --> 00:26:19,040 And this caused Maria Theresa much pain. 388 00:26:19,040 --> 00:26:23,040 She founded a chastity commission to hunt down immorality. 389 00:26:23,040 --> 00:26:28,200 Italian sopranos were thrown out of the city, prostitutes were arrested, 390 00:26:28,200 --> 00:26:32,360 and 3,000 of them were loaded on to barges and sent off 391 00:26:32,360 --> 00:26:35,640 to populate new towns in the east. 392 00:26:35,640 --> 00:26:39,000 'Because despite her anger, Maria Theresa knew' 393 00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:42,480 they would provide the ideal, fertile settlers. 394 00:26:43,640 --> 00:26:45,560 And there you have it all over. 395 00:26:45,560 --> 00:26:50,400 That's Maria Theresa, the prim, the pious pragmatist. 396 00:26:55,640 --> 00:26:59,600 A new intellectual movement was gaining force in Vienna. 397 00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:02,360 This was the age of the Enlightenment. 398 00:27:02,360 --> 00:27:07,640 Reason was replacing tradition as the basis for authority. 399 00:27:07,640 --> 00:27:10,800 This sat uncomfortably with the Empress queen 400 00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:13,560 who never forgot her zealous childhood. 401 00:27:13,560 --> 00:27:15,680 She was both modern and medieval. 402 00:27:15,680 --> 00:27:19,160 On one hand she made attempts to expel Jews and Protestants, 403 00:27:19,160 --> 00:27:22,800 on the other she introduced a form of universal education. 404 00:27:23,920 --> 00:27:26,760 Above all, Maria Theresa was practical. 405 00:27:26,760 --> 00:27:30,720 Despite being conservative, she permitted gradual reform. 406 00:27:30,720 --> 00:27:34,400 There was just one thing she couldn't let go. 407 00:27:34,400 --> 00:27:35,320 Revenge. 408 00:27:36,680 --> 00:27:38,720 Maria Theresa never gave up the dream 409 00:27:38,720 --> 00:27:41,840 of getting back her province, Silesia, 410 00:27:41,840 --> 00:27:46,560 stolen from her by that amoral arch-predator of genius, 411 00:27:46,560 --> 00:27:49,040 Frederick The Great of Prussia. 412 00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:52,800 But in 1756, she realised that she needed help to do so, 413 00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:57,240 and that meant allying Austria with the ancestral enemy, France. 414 00:28:00,520 --> 00:28:03,600 This diplomatic revolution so alarmed Britain 415 00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:06,960 that she allied herself with Prussia. 416 00:28:06,960 --> 00:28:09,240 Russia joined Austria. 417 00:28:09,240 --> 00:28:12,280 This became the Seven Years' War. 418 00:28:12,280 --> 00:28:16,400 Fought across the world from America to India, 419 00:28:16,400 --> 00:28:19,320 the world's first global conflict. 420 00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:21,600 In Europe, Maria Theresa's army 421 00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:24,600 defeated a Prussian invasion of Bohemia, 422 00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:28,720 and to celebrate that victory, they hastily built this monument, 423 00:28:28,720 --> 00:28:29,960 the Gloriette. 424 00:28:31,520 --> 00:28:37,160 Yet the ponderous Austrian, French and Russian generals floundered. 425 00:28:37,160 --> 00:28:40,400 They were no match for the genius of Frederick the Great. 426 00:28:42,760 --> 00:28:49,760 By 1763, Maria Theresa had to admit that Silesia was lost forever. 427 00:28:49,760 --> 00:28:51,920 And this grand victory monument 428 00:28:51,920 --> 00:28:54,440 became something of an embarrassment. 429 00:28:54,440 --> 00:28:56,760 She used it for family picnics. 430 00:29:01,160 --> 00:29:04,920 Maria Theresa had failed to restore Austrian dominance in Europe, 431 00:29:04,920 --> 00:29:07,760 but she did ensure there was no problem with the succession. 432 00:29:07,760 --> 00:29:10,760 She and Francis were blessed with 16 children. 433 00:29:12,680 --> 00:29:14,680 In her characteristic fashion, 434 00:29:14,680 --> 00:29:17,680 Maria Theresa had a practical use for them, too. 435 00:29:17,680 --> 00:29:20,520 To secure the Franco-Austrian alliance, 436 00:29:20,520 --> 00:29:23,960 she arranged for her 14-year-old daughter, Marie Antoinette, 437 00:29:23,960 --> 00:29:26,640 to marry Louis, the French Dauphin. 438 00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:29,800 From the very start, 439 00:29:29,800 --> 00:29:33,760 the marriage of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI of France 440 00:29:33,760 --> 00:29:35,760 was a mismatch. 441 00:29:35,760 --> 00:29:42,240 She was not only young, but also foolish, unwise and tactless. 442 00:29:43,680 --> 00:29:46,720 For seven years, the couple remained awkward, 443 00:29:46,720 --> 00:29:48,360 failing to consummate the union. 444 00:29:50,240 --> 00:29:54,480 Marie Antoinette's big brother, Joseph II, hurried to Paris. 445 00:29:54,480 --> 00:29:59,760 This unlikely sex therapist interviewed both husband and wife. 446 00:29:59,760 --> 00:30:02,800 And what he discovered was that the problem 447 00:30:02,800 --> 00:30:07,280 was a mixture of sexual incompetence, youthful clumsiness, 448 00:30:07,280 --> 00:30:12,480 premature ejaculation and physical abnormality. 449 00:30:12,480 --> 00:30:15,600 He advised instant circumcision of the King. 450 00:30:15,600 --> 00:30:17,520 The problem was solved. 451 00:30:17,520 --> 00:30:21,360 Consummation and a large family of children followed. 452 00:30:29,080 --> 00:30:31,760 Despite matters easing in the bedchamber, 453 00:30:31,760 --> 00:30:36,320 Marie Antoinette's behaviour continued to outrage the French. 454 00:30:36,320 --> 00:30:41,160 She was seen as profligate, silly, promiscuous, and pro-Austrian. 455 00:30:44,440 --> 00:30:48,040 Maria Theresa's old age was ruined by her worry 456 00:30:48,040 --> 00:30:50,160 about her daughter Marie Antoinette's 457 00:30:50,160 --> 00:30:53,200 disastrously scandalous behaviour. 458 00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:56,920 "You've thrown yourself into a life of pleasure 459 00:30:56,920 --> 00:30:59,200 "and preposterous display," 460 00:30:59,200 --> 00:31:00,600 she wrote to her. 461 00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:04,920 "And going from pleasure to pleasure without your husband 462 00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:07,800 "will end in misery for you." 463 00:31:07,800 --> 00:31:10,680 Soon, she was to be proved only too right. 464 00:31:14,320 --> 00:31:19,520 In 1765, Emperor Francis fell ill and died. 465 00:31:19,520 --> 00:31:22,000 Maria Theresa was devastated. 466 00:31:24,880 --> 00:31:29,040 A note was found in her Bible that recorded the exact length 467 00:31:29,040 --> 00:31:31,800 of her marriage down to the number of hours. 468 00:31:34,680 --> 00:31:36,720 She fell into a pit of depression, 469 00:31:36,720 --> 00:31:40,880 and to rule, first in her stead, and then as co-regent, 470 00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:43,360 her 24-year-old son, Joseph II, 471 00:31:43,360 --> 00:31:46,200 was elected the new Holy Roman Emperor. 472 00:31:49,040 --> 00:31:54,000 Joseph was now the co-ruler with his mother, Maria Theresa. 473 00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:57,000 He was one of the most extraordinary of the Habsburgs. 474 00:31:57,000 --> 00:32:03,440 Personally, he was clumsy, awkward, impossible, dogmatic, egotistical, 475 00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:05,960 but he was also highly intelligent. 476 00:32:05,960 --> 00:32:09,320 A believer in reason. A man of the Enlightenment. 477 00:32:09,320 --> 00:32:11,760 A radical zealot for reform. 478 00:32:11,760 --> 00:32:13,440 A man of tolerance. 479 00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:18,200 His relations with his mother were fond, but extremely tense. 480 00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:20,800 He pushed her towards more expansion abroad, 481 00:32:20,800 --> 00:32:25,560 like the partition of Poland, and more reforms at home. 482 00:32:25,560 --> 00:32:28,680 But his mother was still alive. She was formidable. 483 00:32:28,680 --> 00:32:30,080 He had to wait. 484 00:32:30,080 --> 00:32:33,400 For the moment, he had to get everything past his mum. 485 00:32:38,840 --> 00:32:42,920 Joseph had an unyielding belief in the power of reason. 486 00:32:42,920 --> 00:32:44,880 He rejected emotion. 487 00:32:44,880 --> 00:32:48,240 And that was partly due to tragic failed romances. 488 00:32:49,960 --> 00:32:54,440 In October 1760, Maria Theresa held a wedding 489 00:32:54,440 --> 00:32:56,560 and as you can see from this painting, 490 00:32:56,560 --> 00:32:58,080 she didn't do it by halves. 491 00:32:58,080 --> 00:33:00,280 Her son, Joseph, 492 00:33:00,280 --> 00:33:04,680 was married to the beautiful, blonde, alabaster-skinned 493 00:33:04,680 --> 00:33:06,160 Isabella of Parma. 494 00:33:08,280 --> 00:33:12,520 It was a wedding that seemed ideal for the family. 495 00:33:12,520 --> 00:33:16,720 She was gorgeous, and Joseph was wildly in love with her. 496 00:33:18,560 --> 00:33:21,080 But things weren't all they seemed. 497 00:33:24,440 --> 00:33:26,400 Soon after her marriage, 498 00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:29,440 the 18-year-old Isabella fell in love, 499 00:33:29,440 --> 00:33:31,720 but she didn't fall in love with her husband. 500 00:33:31,720 --> 00:33:35,120 Awkwardly, she fell in love with her husband's sister, 501 00:33:35,120 --> 00:33:38,040 Archduchess Marie Christine. 502 00:33:38,040 --> 00:33:43,240 It soon turned into a full-blown, physical, lesbian love affair. 503 00:33:44,800 --> 00:33:46,280 Joseph, the doting husband, 504 00:33:46,280 --> 00:33:50,280 who was passionately in love with his bride, was in denial. 505 00:33:50,280 --> 00:33:52,960 After three years of marriage, 506 00:33:52,960 --> 00:33:56,200 she caught smallpox and died aged only 21. 507 00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:58,240 Joseph was heartbroken. 508 00:33:58,240 --> 00:34:00,240 He felt he could never love again. 509 00:34:04,720 --> 00:34:08,200 But Maria Theresa persuaded her son to marry a second time, 510 00:34:08,200 --> 00:34:10,440 with the hope of new lands and an heir. 511 00:34:11,640 --> 00:34:13,600 The marriage was a disaster. 512 00:34:13,600 --> 00:34:16,800 Joseph complained his wife was hideously ugly. 513 00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:18,840 And when she also died of smallpox, 514 00:34:18,840 --> 00:34:21,840 he didn't even bother to attend the funeral. 515 00:34:28,440 --> 00:34:31,320 Joseph decided to remain single. 516 00:34:31,320 --> 00:34:32,840 And he approached his sex life 517 00:34:32,840 --> 00:34:35,720 with the same efficiency as he approached government. 518 00:34:35,720 --> 00:34:40,120 As a rationalist, he decided love was simply absurd. 519 00:34:40,120 --> 00:34:45,160 And as a Catholic he regarded onanism as sinful self-abuse. 520 00:34:45,160 --> 00:34:48,800 Instead, he visited his gardener's daughter for sex 521 00:34:48,800 --> 00:34:52,280 in the potting shed at the same time every day. 522 00:34:52,280 --> 00:34:56,000 Or he came here to the red-light district to visit a brothel 523 00:34:56,000 --> 00:34:58,320 like the one that stood right here. 524 00:35:04,040 --> 00:35:08,320 Hidden in this restaurant is this somewhat mysterious sign. 525 00:35:08,320 --> 00:35:15,240 It says, "In 1778, Emperor Joseph II flew through this archway." 526 00:35:15,240 --> 00:35:19,400 Joseph, wearing disguise, had visited this brothel. 527 00:35:19,400 --> 00:35:25,160 He'd mistreated some of the girls, been confronted and then recognised. 528 00:35:25,160 --> 00:35:30,040 And such was his embarrassment, or fear of his prudish old mother, 529 00:35:30,040 --> 00:35:33,040 that he didn't just walk out of here, he actually ran. 530 00:35:40,760 --> 00:35:46,040 Joseph and Maria Theresa endured 15 troublesome years of co-rule. 531 00:35:46,040 --> 00:35:48,560 Joseph's reforms were long restricted 532 00:35:48,560 --> 00:35:50,400 by his conservative mother. 533 00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:52,680 He made vain threats to resign and run away. 534 00:35:55,520 --> 00:35:59,840 In 1780, Maria Theresa's long reign came to an end. 535 00:35:59,840 --> 00:36:01,440 She died in Joseph's arms. 536 00:36:03,400 --> 00:36:07,080 The monarchy was now solely Joseph's to command. 537 00:36:08,840 --> 00:36:12,440 He redrew Vienna according to his enlightened ideas 538 00:36:12,440 --> 00:36:14,920 and with his over-controlling nature, 539 00:36:14,920 --> 00:36:17,040 devoted hours to each detail. 540 00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:21,520 He crafted open spaces for his subjects to meet and talk, 541 00:36:21,520 --> 00:36:24,080 and one of them is the Prater Park, 542 00:36:24,080 --> 00:36:27,040 where he designed every walkway and food stand. 543 00:36:28,360 --> 00:36:32,920 Joseph started his reign with ferocious impatience 544 00:36:32,920 --> 00:36:34,760 and radical zeal, 545 00:36:34,760 --> 00:36:38,720 trying to change everything in his vast Austrian monarchy 546 00:36:38,720 --> 00:36:41,560 at the same time, in every place. 547 00:36:42,760 --> 00:36:45,720 His own best friend, the Prince de Ligne, 548 00:36:45,720 --> 00:36:50,560 described him as a raging erection that can never be satisfied. 549 00:36:50,560 --> 00:36:54,120 His tragedy, said Ligne, was that he governed too much, 550 00:36:54,120 --> 00:36:55,760 and reigned too little. 551 00:36:55,760 --> 00:36:58,840 But he really was the revolutionary Emperor. 552 00:37:02,480 --> 00:37:05,200 Under his mother's era of gradual reform, 553 00:37:05,200 --> 00:37:08,280 100 new edicts were announced annually. 554 00:37:08,280 --> 00:37:11,760 At the height of Joseph's reign, that number rose to 700. 555 00:37:16,480 --> 00:37:20,840 Joseph's openness to change was music to the ears of artists 556 00:37:20,840 --> 00:37:23,960 seeking to escape traditional formality. 557 00:37:27,600 --> 00:37:29,440 ORCHESTRAL MUSIC PLAYS 558 00:37:35,040 --> 00:37:38,840 Ambitious musicians and composers flocked to Vienna. 559 00:37:38,840 --> 00:37:40,720 One of them was Mozart. 560 00:37:42,120 --> 00:37:46,880 For years, he'd toured Europe as a musical child prodigy, 561 00:37:46,880 --> 00:37:50,200 encouraged and trained by his ambitious father. 562 00:37:50,200 --> 00:37:53,920 Now he was 25, and he wanted to make it at court. 563 00:37:56,840 --> 00:38:03,440 In 1781, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart arrived here at court in Vienna 564 00:38:03,440 --> 00:38:07,040 celebrating the accession of Joseph II. 565 00:38:07,040 --> 00:38:09,880 He was small, slight, pale, 566 00:38:09,880 --> 00:38:13,960 but with a huge head of wild, blonde hair. 567 00:38:13,960 --> 00:38:19,000 He was irrepressible, untameable, exuberant and shameless. 568 00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:20,320 He was uninhibited, 569 00:38:20,320 --> 00:38:24,920 and his taste for the scatological was soon notorious in Vienna. 570 00:38:24,920 --> 00:38:27,320 For example, as he wrote to his cousin, 571 00:38:27,320 --> 00:38:29,120 "Good night, my darling. 572 00:38:29,120 --> 00:38:33,320 "Sleep well, shit in your bed, and let it all burst out." 573 00:38:33,320 --> 00:38:36,040 It's impossible to understand Mozart 574 00:38:36,040 --> 00:38:38,640 without some sympathy for the earthy. 575 00:38:41,840 --> 00:38:44,240 It was in the Schonbrunn Palace 576 00:38:44,240 --> 00:38:49,320 that Mozart and Joseph II, the musical Emperor, worked together. 577 00:38:49,320 --> 00:38:52,480 After the concert, conductor Vinicius Kattah 578 00:38:52,480 --> 00:38:54,840 agreed to tell me more about Mozart 579 00:38:54,840 --> 00:38:58,960 and play me some of his work on the clavichord. 580 00:38:58,960 --> 00:39:00,480 Simon. Hi. 581 00:39:00,480 --> 00:39:03,320 Nice to see you. Nice to see you, too. Lovely to hear you playing. 582 00:39:03,320 --> 00:39:05,680 Thank you. So let me ask you first of all, 583 00:39:05,680 --> 00:39:08,000 why did Mozart come to Vienna? 584 00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:12,160 Vienna was, and I think still is, the world capital of music. 585 00:39:12,160 --> 00:39:16,320 And Mozart wanted to come to Vienna to become the court composer. 586 00:39:16,320 --> 00:39:19,000 And, of course, Mozart wanted to present his art 587 00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:22,200 to the musical Emperor, Joseph II. 588 00:39:22,200 --> 00:39:26,840 What in Mozart's music, what in his personality, what in his talent, 589 00:39:26,840 --> 00:39:28,520 made him so special? 590 00:39:28,520 --> 00:39:31,680 So what Mozart did was just improvise. 591 00:39:31,680 --> 00:39:36,600 Somebody would give to him just a small thing like... 592 00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:38,840 HE PLAYS SIMPLE TUNE 593 00:39:40,080 --> 00:39:45,560 And tell him with those four notes, improvise and do something. 594 00:39:45,560 --> 00:39:48,000 So he would sit on the piano and play something like that. 595 00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:50,040 PLAYS COMPLEX TUNE 596 00:39:55,920 --> 00:39:57,960 He would just play with music. 597 00:39:57,960 --> 00:40:01,200 He would enjoy it. He would just go with it. 598 00:40:01,200 --> 00:40:03,160 Mozart was no ordinary man. 599 00:40:03,160 --> 00:40:06,920 He was for sure really somebody who had a lot of energy. 600 00:40:06,920 --> 00:40:10,000 And he was... I would say, he was a rock star. 601 00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:13,160 He was something like a jazz musician from nowadays. 602 00:40:13,160 --> 00:40:14,320 How did Vienna... 603 00:40:14,320 --> 00:40:19,520 This great cosmopolitan city, how did it influence Mozart's music? 604 00:40:19,520 --> 00:40:21,320 Vienna was huge at that time. 605 00:40:21,320 --> 00:40:25,040 So you had a lot of influences from Germany, Turkey and everything. 606 00:40:25,040 --> 00:40:29,440 So for example you would hear a German dance in his music. 607 00:40:29,440 --> 00:40:32,080 HE PLAYS RHYTHMICALLY 608 00:40:32,080 --> 00:40:35,720 And then you would hear also an Italian canzonetta. 609 00:40:35,720 --> 00:40:37,360 HE PLAYS IN A DIFFERENT STYLE 610 00:40:45,480 --> 00:40:49,520 Or even the famous alla Turca, a Turkish March. 611 00:40:49,520 --> 00:40:53,520 HE PLAYS IN NEW STYLE 612 00:40:59,800 --> 00:41:01,600 And I think, only in Vienna 613 00:41:01,600 --> 00:41:04,600 you could have such a huge diversity of music. 614 00:41:04,600 --> 00:41:07,880 And Mozart was clever enough to write it down. 615 00:41:07,880 --> 00:41:10,600 I love that. Thank you. Thank you very much. 616 00:41:12,120 --> 00:41:15,160 Mozart never became court composer, 617 00:41:15,160 --> 00:41:18,200 but Joseph II found him a role that allowed him 618 00:41:18,200 --> 00:41:21,480 'to compose some of his finest works.' 619 00:41:21,480 --> 00:41:25,600 But much of what we remember of Mozart today, historically, 620 00:41:25,600 --> 00:41:30,360 is based on the great film and play Amadeus. 621 00:41:30,360 --> 00:41:36,160 Joseph II appears as the bumbling, simplistic Emperor who complains 622 00:41:36,160 --> 00:41:39,320 that Mozart's music has too many notes. 623 00:41:39,320 --> 00:41:42,520 But, in fact, actually he meant exactly the opposite. 624 00:41:42,520 --> 00:41:45,360 He was complaining that Viennese audiences 625 00:41:45,360 --> 00:41:48,840 might not appreciate Mozart's music as much as he did. 626 00:41:50,640 --> 00:41:53,760 Joseph wanted the Viennese to rethink everything. 627 00:41:53,760 --> 00:41:55,960 As well as appreciating new artists, 628 00:41:55,960 --> 00:41:59,760 he issued an edict of tolerance that gave unprecedented rights 629 00:41:59,760 --> 00:42:01,040 to religious minorities. 630 00:42:01,040 --> 00:42:03,680 He reformed the legal system. He abolished serfdom. 631 00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:10,680 He even wanted to challenge the Viennese obsession, death. 632 00:42:12,440 --> 00:42:15,960 In the 18th century, Vienna had doubled in size. 633 00:42:15,960 --> 00:42:18,480 There was no space for burials. 634 00:42:18,480 --> 00:42:21,800 Funerals became so lavish they were bankrupting the mourners. 635 00:42:23,280 --> 00:42:27,960 A little-known fact about Joseph is that he micromanaged a solution. 636 00:42:27,960 --> 00:42:30,440 To see it, I've come to one of his new cemeteries 637 00:42:30,440 --> 00:42:32,960 that he established on the outskirts of Vienna. 638 00:42:36,120 --> 00:42:40,160 Hidden in its storage is the Emperor's ingenious attempt 639 00:42:40,160 --> 00:42:42,520 to revolutionise the coffin. 640 00:42:44,080 --> 00:42:46,080 From now on, he decreed, 641 00:42:46,080 --> 00:42:49,600 everyone must be buried stark naked in a sack. 642 00:42:50,840 --> 00:42:55,360 And, they must use this new design of coffin. 643 00:42:55,360 --> 00:43:00,160 All this was to accelerate decomposition and save wood. 644 00:43:00,160 --> 00:43:01,680 And this is how it worked. 645 00:43:01,680 --> 00:43:05,480 The body was placed inside, it was lowered into the grave, 646 00:43:05,480 --> 00:43:09,080 and then this lever was pulled to open it. 647 00:43:09,080 --> 00:43:11,120 And out would fall the body. 648 00:43:16,200 --> 00:43:20,880 Joseph's new reusable coffin proved a step too far. 649 00:43:20,880 --> 00:43:22,240 It was too plain, 650 00:43:22,240 --> 00:43:23,640 and the Viennese demanded 651 00:43:23,640 --> 00:43:26,000 the freedom to pursue their lavish funerals, 652 00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:30,040 what they called "schone Leiche" - a lovely corpse. 653 00:43:30,040 --> 00:43:32,400 The coffin riots broke out. 654 00:43:32,400 --> 00:43:34,920 And Joseph was forced to rescind his decree. 655 00:43:37,960 --> 00:43:41,680 Joseph's enlightened despotism was creating chaos. 656 00:43:41,680 --> 00:43:46,200 A rationalist at home, he was an expansionist abroad. 657 00:43:46,200 --> 00:43:49,640 He entered into an alliance with Catherine the Great of Russia. 658 00:43:49,640 --> 00:43:53,000 Together they would carve up the crumbling Ottoman Empire. 659 00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:56,080 But the war failed, Joseph fell ill at the front, 660 00:43:56,080 --> 00:43:58,160 and staggered back to his capital, sick. 661 00:43:58,160 --> 00:44:02,800 His Treasury was empty, the Empire was in revolt. 662 00:44:02,800 --> 00:44:06,000 In 1789, the French Revolution erupted. 663 00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:09,400 If rebellion spread throughout the Habsburg monarchy, 664 00:44:09,400 --> 00:44:12,080 disaster awaited Austria. 665 00:44:12,080 --> 00:44:16,680 To preserve his dynasty, Joseph began to repeal his reforms. 666 00:44:16,680 --> 00:44:20,960 Lying fatally ill, his last edict was how he, himself, 667 00:44:20,960 --> 00:44:23,560 should be interred in the Imperial Crypt. 668 00:44:35,040 --> 00:44:36,920 Here's his coffin. 669 00:44:36,920 --> 00:44:39,200 designed by the Emperor himself, 670 00:44:39,200 --> 00:44:43,000 and its simple austerity is in marked contrast 671 00:44:43,000 --> 00:44:47,200 to the sarcophagus of his mother, Maria Theresa. 672 00:44:47,200 --> 00:44:49,600 Look at its macabre magnificence. 673 00:44:52,640 --> 00:44:55,320 And yet Joseph II himself 674 00:44:55,320 --> 00:45:00,000 was much more impressive than history has given him credit for. 675 00:45:00,000 --> 00:45:03,760 He was an autocrat. But he was way ahead of his time. 676 00:45:03,760 --> 00:45:08,240 His emancipation of minorities, especially the Jews, 677 00:45:08,240 --> 00:45:14,240 helped create the unique Viennese culture of the late 19th century. 678 00:45:14,240 --> 00:45:17,920 But he felt himself a terrible failure. 679 00:45:17,920 --> 00:45:21,360 He wrote his own epitaph, and this is what it reads. 680 00:45:21,360 --> 00:45:25,480 "Here lies a prince whose intentions were pure 681 00:45:25,480 --> 00:45:31,280 "but who had the misfortune to see every one of his projects collapse." 682 00:45:31,280 --> 00:45:35,680 And yet, he was more successful than he ever knew. 683 00:45:35,680 --> 00:45:39,680 MUSIC: Requiem Mass in D Minor by Mozart 684 00:45:39,680 --> 00:45:44,680 Joseph's radical reforms dragged Austria into the modern age. 685 00:45:44,680 --> 00:45:48,520 Although many laws were repealed, his reign introduced new ideas, 686 00:45:48,520 --> 00:45:50,360 and changed Viennese attitudes. 687 00:45:53,720 --> 00:45:58,080 As for Mozart, he barely outlived the musical Emperor. 688 00:45:58,080 --> 00:46:01,840 While the myth persists that Mozart was buried like a pauper, 689 00:46:01,840 --> 00:46:05,120 he actually chose to have a rational burial 690 00:46:05,120 --> 00:46:08,240 in one of Joseph's unmarked mass graves. 691 00:46:12,440 --> 00:46:16,440 The French revolutionaries despised the traditional order 692 00:46:16,440 --> 00:46:18,080 of kings and queens. 693 00:46:18,080 --> 00:46:21,640 And they especially loathed their own Austrian queen, 694 00:46:21,640 --> 00:46:24,240 Marie Antoinette. 695 00:46:24,240 --> 00:46:27,920 Indeed, they hated everything Austria and the Habsburgs stood for. 696 00:46:29,760 --> 00:46:33,240 In 1792, their aggression led to war. 697 00:46:33,240 --> 00:46:37,560 Austria failed to contain the energies of the French Revolution. 698 00:46:37,560 --> 00:46:40,120 Many battles and lands were lost. 699 00:46:40,120 --> 00:46:42,800 And finally, to the horror of the Habsburgs, 700 00:46:42,800 --> 00:46:46,640 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were beheaded at the guillotine. 701 00:46:53,360 --> 00:46:57,000 Pressure was growing on the new Habsburg emperor, Francis II. 702 00:46:58,360 --> 00:47:00,640 He vowed to annihilate the French, 703 00:47:00,640 --> 00:47:05,200 but to do so, he would have to beat the embodiment of the revolution. 704 00:47:06,280 --> 00:47:07,560 Napoleon Bonaparte. 705 00:47:09,440 --> 00:47:13,880 The brilliant general Napoleon was the Superman of his age, 706 00:47:13,880 --> 00:47:17,320 representing the dynamism of the new. 707 00:47:17,320 --> 00:47:20,400 The Holy Roman Emperor Francis represented 708 00:47:20,400 --> 00:47:23,040 the obsolescence and weakness of the old. 709 00:47:23,040 --> 00:47:25,200 They were complete opposites. 710 00:47:25,200 --> 00:47:28,680 While Napoleon wanted to rule the world and win battles, 711 00:47:28,680 --> 00:47:32,720 Francis was happiest boiling toffee in the imperial kitchens. 712 00:47:35,480 --> 00:47:40,160 In 1804, Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French. 713 00:47:40,160 --> 00:47:42,800 He already dominated Germany and Italy, 714 00:47:42,800 --> 00:47:45,000 at the expense of the Habsburgs. 715 00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:49,000 And when Francis challenged him again on the battlefield, 716 00:47:49,000 --> 00:47:52,040 Napoleon defeated the Austrians and the Russians 717 00:47:52,040 --> 00:47:53,920 at the Battle of Austerlitz, 718 00:47:53,920 --> 00:47:57,040 his greatest battle at the height of his genius. 719 00:47:58,760 --> 00:48:03,160 Whilst many now feared Napoleon's expansionist ambitions, 720 00:48:03,160 --> 00:48:06,480 he was welcomed when he rode into Vienna triumphant. 721 00:48:08,560 --> 00:48:10,200 The Viennese watched him 722 00:48:10,200 --> 00:48:13,840 with a surprising degree of admiration and fascination. 723 00:48:13,840 --> 00:48:16,400 Francis had to sue for peace. 724 00:48:16,400 --> 00:48:21,120 But now even he realised that the Holy Roman Empire was finished. 725 00:48:21,120 --> 00:48:25,600 He'd already given himself a grand new title, Emperor of Austria. 726 00:48:25,600 --> 00:48:28,080 But it was a sign of his own embarrassment 727 00:48:28,080 --> 00:48:32,480 that he chose this beautiful, but obscure church to announce 728 00:48:32,480 --> 00:48:36,400 the end of an institution that had lasted 1,000 years. 729 00:48:39,800 --> 00:48:41,800 Francis was defeated. 730 00:48:41,800 --> 00:48:43,880 The Holy Roman Empire was no more. 731 00:48:43,880 --> 00:48:46,680 Vienna had fallen to his nemesis. 732 00:48:46,680 --> 00:48:49,520 Francis' vast empire was crumbling. 733 00:48:49,520 --> 00:48:53,000 And he believed its culprit was diversity. 734 00:48:53,000 --> 00:48:55,240 His troops came from so many different territories, 735 00:48:55,240 --> 00:48:58,480 they had their own languages, cultures, traditions. 736 00:48:58,480 --> 00:49:00,280 And so to create unity, 737 00:49:00,280 --> 00:49:03,840 Francis tried to introduce the rising idea of the time, 738 00:49:03,840 --> 00:49:06,000 German nationalism. 739 00:49:07,240 --> 00:49:10,760 By 1809, Francis was able to assemble a new army. 740 00:49:10,760 --> 00:49:13,280 Once again, he declared war on France. 741 00:49:17,760 --> 00:49:20,040 Two armies met here at Aspern, 742 00:49:20,040 --> 00:49:22,760 right on the River Danube, just outside Vienna. 743 00:49:22,760 --> 00:49:26,120 The Austrian commander was Archduke Charles, 744 00:49:26,120 --> 00:49:29,320 a much more intelligent and dynamic brother 745 00:49:29,320 --> 00:49:32,000 of the plodding Emperor, Francis. 746 00:49:32,000 --> 00:49:34,160 As the French army crossed the river, 747 00:49:34,160 --> 00:49:38,360 Charles ingenuously floated barges packed with explosives down. 748 00:49:38,360 --> 00:49:42,320 They destroyed the French bridges, cutting off the French army. 749 00:49:42,320 --> 00:49:44,160 The Austrians fell upon them. 750 00:49:44,160 --> 00:49:46,440 Charles managed to defeat Napoleon, 751 00:49:46,440 --> 00:49:50,320 the first time the French emperor had been defeated for ten years. 752 00:49:50,320 --> 00:49:51,880 It was quite an achievement. 753 00:49:56,120 --> 00:49:58,600 But victory turned to ashes. 754 00:50:01,520 --> 00:50:04,240 The Austrian army was paralysed with heavy losses. 755 00:50:04,240 --> 00:50:08,000 Napoleon called in reinforcements and planned his vengeance. 756 00:50:10,040 --> 00:50:11,680 The French emperor marched north 757 00:50:11,680 --> 00:50:14,680 and obliterated what remained of the Habsburg forces. 758 00:50:16,320 --> 00:50:19,720 Napoleon returned to Vienna and this time he decided to stay. 759 00:50:28,240 --> 00:50:30,600 In the coffee houses, palaces and theatres, 760 00:50:30,600 --> 00:50:34,520 a French-occupied Vienna, ideas flourished. 761 00:50:34,520 --> 00:50:38,000 The French idealised freethinking. 762 00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:40,960 Nationalism, romanticism, rationalism, 763 00:50:40,960 --> 00:50:44,120 intermingled and surged in popularity. 764 00:50:44,120 --> 00:50:46,440 And this had the most lasting impact 765 00:50:46,440 --> 00:50:48,720 on the city's greatest product, music. 766 00:50:56,680 --> 00:50:59,320 This is the musical concert hall 767 00:50:59,320 --> 00:51:02,440 in the Palace of Prince Franz Lobkowitz. 768 00:51:02,440 --> 00:51:03,760 And it was here 769 00:51:03,760 --> 00:51:08,440 that one of his proteges performed for the first time 770 00:51:08,440 --> 00:51:10,680 his new Third Symphony. 771 00:51:17,000 --> 00:51:19,680 His name was Ludwig von Beethoven. 772 00:51:19,680 --> 00:51:21,560 He was famously irascible, 773 00:51:21,560 --> 00:51:24,200 if anyone talked or laughed during one of his concerts, 774 00:51:24,200 --> 00:51:26,720 he would storm out. 775 00:51:26,720 --> 00:51:31,840 He had produced a great symphony that celebrated the new, rational, 776 00:51:31,840 --> 00:51:35,320 enlightened revolutionary age that he so admired. 777 00:51:35,320 --> 00:51:39,440 And to him, the personification of this age was Napoleon Bonaparte. 778 00:51:39,440 --> 00:51:42,360 And hence he named the symphony The Bonaparte. 779 00:51:45,480 --> 00:51:49,720 But when he saw that Napoleon had not only crowned himself emperor, 780 00:51:49,720 --> 00:51:53,240 but was set on conquering a personal empire across the whole of Europe, 781 00:51:53,240 --> 00:51:54,880 he was disgusted. 782 00:51:54,880 --> 00:51:58,480 And the irascible Beethoven furiously crossed out 783 00:51:58,480 --> 00:52:00,480 the name Bonaparte on his scripts, 784 00:52:00,480 --> 00:52:02,560 so hard that it went through the page. 785 00:52:02,560 --> 00:52:08,000 And he renamed this celebration of the heroic age The Eroica. 786 00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:10,280 And that's how it's known to posterity. 787 00:52:19,840 --> 00:52:23,600 Joseph II's cultural ideas were back in favour. 788 00:52:23,600 --> 00:52:25,600 Public theatres were established. 789 00:52:25,600 --> 00:52:28,320 The arts became accessible to the masses. 790 00:52:28,320 --> 00:52:31,240 And Beethoven, he became a Viennese star. 791 00:52:37,280 --> 00:52:40,240 Napoleon had conquered most of Europe. 792 00:52:40,240 --> 00:52:43,920 And he wanted to establish his own Bonaparte dynasty. 793 00:52:43,920 --> 00:52:45,080 But he had no heir. 794 00:52:45,080 --> 00:52:47,680 He blamed his wife, Empress Josephine, 795 00:52:47,680 --> 00:52:49,440 who'd had children in her youth, 796 00:52:49,440 --> 00:52:52,480 but a botched abortion left her infertile. 797 00:52:52,480 --> 00:52:57,960 Napoleon divorced her and began to look for a new, child-bearing bride. 798 00:53:00,160 --> 00:53:03,680 From the dynasties of Europe, two options emerged, 799 00:53:03,680 --> 00:53:06,720 the Russian Romanovs, or the Habsburgs. 800 00:53:06,720 --> 00:53:11,200 Austria's brilliant new Foreign Minister Klemens von Metternich 801 00:53:11,200 --> 00:53:14,880 knew his country needed time to recover from its defeats. 802 00:53:14,880 --> 00:53:19,080 He used the opportunity to create a new alliance with France. 803 00:53:19,080 --> 00:53:22,120 When the Romanovs procrastinated, Metternich proposed. 804 00:53:24,720 --> 00:53:26,400 To find out the result of this match, 805 00:53:26,400 --> 00:53:29,080 I've come to meet Dr Monica Kurzel-Runtscheiner, 806 00:53:29,080 --> 00:53:31,640 a historian who wants to show me the carriages 807 00:53:31,640 --> 00:53:33,600 that survive from this time. 808 00:53:35,360 --> 00:53:40,040 Napoleon himself decided that he needed to marry Marie Louise, 809 00:53:40,040 --> 00:53:43,400 the favourite daughter of Emperor Franz of Austria. 810 00:53:43,400 --> 00:53:44,440 How did it come about? 811 00:53:44,440 --> 00:53:48,200 The interesting thing is that it was a very bad start. 812 00:53:48,200 --> 00:53:49,960 Marie Louise was suffering a lot, 813 00:53:49,960 --> 00:53:53,120 and she really thought she was sacrificing herself for her father, 814 00:53:53,120 --> 00:53:54,480 and for the country. 815 00:53:54,480 --> 00:53:57,320 But, as we know, Napoleon was a man 816 00:53:57,320 --> 00:54:00,720 who really knew how to deal with women. 817 00:54:00,720 --> 00:54:02,560 And how to satisfy women. 818 00:54:02,560 --> 00:54:04,720 When she arrives in France, finally, 819 00:54:04,720 --> 00:54:08,480 Napoleon was so impatient that he came to meet her. 820 00:54:08,480 --> 00:54:11,520 And in the very first night he made her his wife, 821 00:54:11,520 --> 00:54:13,880 even though they were not finally married. 822 00:54:13,880 --> 00:54:16,400 So it was a big shock for the court society. 823 00:54:16,400 --> 00:54:18,680 She writes her father a letter telling, 824 00:54:18,680 --> 00:54:20,920 "People really do not do him justice. 825 00:54:20,920 --> 00:54:23,040 "You have to know him in order to understand 826 00:54:23,040 --> 00:54:24,760 "what a wonderful person he is." 827 00:54:24,760 --> 00:54:27,440 So in the end, they were both really in love with each other. 828 00:54:27,440 --> 00:54:29,360 And it was quite a good marriage. 829 00:54:29,360 --> 00:54:32,800 It's just one year after the marriage she gave birth to the heir, 830 00:54:32,800 --> 00:54:37,320 to the little Napoleon II, who was getting, by his father, 831 00:54:37,320 --> 00:54:40,480 the very prestigious title as King of Rome. 832 00:54:40,480 --> 00:54:43,160 Le Roi de Rome. And this is his carriage. 833 00:54:45,160 --> 00:54:47,920 Not just a carriage, it's an insignia, 834 00:54:47,920 --> 00:54:50,480 and the symbol for the future of the little prince. 835 00:54:50,480 --> 00:54:52,120 And we know that the little prince 836 00:54:52,120 --> 00:54:54,760 was really riding this carriage on the terrace 837 00:54:54,760 --> 00:54:58,920 of the Tuileries Gardens in Paris, pulled by a team of two Merino sheep 838 00:54:58,920 --> 00:55:01,840 trained by the director of a circus in Paris. 839 00:55:01,840 --> 00:55:05,880 What happened to Marie Louise and what happened to the King of Rome? 840 00:55:05,880 --> 00:55:07,560 After the fall of Napoleon, 841 00:55:07,560 --> 00:55:10,200 Marie Louise went back to Vienna to join her father with her son, 842 00:55:10,200 --> 00:55:14,440 and so he grew up here in Schonbrunn Palace. 843 00:55:14,440 --> 00:55:16,880 In fact, in Vienna he was very beloved. 844 00:55:16,880 --> 00:55:19,840 But on the other side, everybody, especially the politicians, 845 00:55:19,840 --> 00:55:23,840 feared that he could, one day, want to become like his father, 846 00:55:23,840 --> 00:55:26,040 or recreate the empire of his father. 847 00:55:26,040 --> 00:55:28,240 And therefore, they took care that he could never become 848 00:55:28,240 --> 00:55:31,080 too important in political means. 849 00:55:37,640 --> 00:55:41,920 The marriage forced the Habsburg army to support Napoleon 850 00:55:41,920 --> 00:55:44,680 on his fatal Russian campaign. 851 00:55:44,680 --> 00:55:49,360 But, after Napoleon catastrophically retreated from Moscow, 852 00:55:49,360 --> 00:55:52,000 Metternich switched sides. 853 00:55:52,000 --> 00:55:55,440 Austria joined a new anti-French coalition, 854 00:55:55,440 --> 00:56:00,200 and in 1814 the coalition army proudly commanded by the Austrian 855 00:56:00,200 --> 00:56:05,800 Field Marshal, Prince Schwarzenberg, defeated Napoleon and took Paris. 856 00:56:05,800 --> 00:56:09,880 Napoleon, ranting against Austrian betrayal, abdicated. 857 00:56:22,320 --> 00:56:25,080 Napoleon had redrawn the map of Europe 858 00:56:25,080 --> 00:56:28,600 to promote his own personal empire. 859 00:56:28,600 --> 00:56:33,040 And 20 years of war had torn the continent apart. 860 00:56:33,040 --> 00:56:36,560 Now the Austrian minister, Metternich, would invite 861 00:56:36,560 --> 00:56:39,200 all the rulers of the continent 862 00:56:39,200 --> 00:56:42,480 to Vienna to put it back together again. 863 00:56:42,480 --> 00:56:48,040 This congress would be the greatest summit meeting in history. 864 00:56:48,040 --> 00:56:51,040 And the most decadent junket. 865 00:56:51,040 --> 00:56:55,920 Unparalleled in its power-broking and pleasure-seeking. 866 00:56:55,920 --> 00:56:59,080 Emperor Francis would be the host of Europe. 867 00:56:59,080 --> 00:57:01,440 Metternich would be the arbiter of Europe. 868 00:57:01,440 --> 00:57:07,080 And for six months in 1814, Vienna would be the capital of the world. 869 00:57:13,280 --> 00:57:16,880 216 kings, princes and leaders, 870 00:57:16,880 --> 00:57:21,000 20,000 officials and just about every con artist, 871 00:57:21,000 --> 00:57:23,880 prostitute and mountebank in Europe 872 00:57:23,880 --> 00:57:27,520 arrived in Vienna and revelled in this new era 873 00:57:27,520 --> 00:57:30,240 of possibilities and depravity. 874 00:57:34,040 --> 00:57:38,680 Five years after humiliation and defeat by Napoleon, 875 00:57:38,680 --> 00:57:41,160 Vienna was back and bigger than ever. 876 00:57:41,160 --> 00:57:44,600 More imperial, more majestic. 877 00:57:44,600 --> 00:57:48,720 A city of composers and conquerors and courtesans. 878 00:57:48,720 --> 00:57:51,280 Palaces and coffeehouses. 879 00:57:51,280 --> 00:57:54,360 But it was about to evolve into something much more. 880 00:57:56,600 --> 00:57:59,600 In the final chapter of the story of Vienna, 881 00:57:59,600 --> 00:58:04,000 I will discover how the city created the modern age while the Habsburgs 882 00:58:04,000 --> 00:58:05,200 headed for extinction. 883 00:58:05,200 --> 00:58:08,880 The Imperial City became the capital of ideas, 884 00:58:08,880 --> 00:58:11,760 and a battlefield of extremes. 885 00:58:11,760 --> 00:58:13,920 Monarchy versus revolution. 886 00:58:13,920 --> 00:58:16,720 Fascism versus communism. 887 00:58:16,720 --> 00:58:20,360 Wild decadence versus Catholic piety. 888 00:58:20,360 --> 00:58:23,880 It all happened here, in Vienna, the world's city. 889 00:58:25,440 --> 00:58:27,920 Would you like to explore further the history 890 00:58:27,920 --> 00:58:29,600 of the Habsburg monarchy? 891 00:58:29,600 --> 00:58:34,440 Find out more about its rulers and royal marriages 892 00:58:34,440 --> 00:58:37,040 through the Open University's family tree. 893 00:58:37,040 --> 00:58:37,960 Go to... 894 00:58:41,040 --> 00:58:43,240 ..and follow the links to the Open University.